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원문 : Linux networking: 13 uses for netstat

처음 리눅스 시스템을 사용한 1998년부터 netstat를 사용했다. 20년이 훨씬 지난 툴이지만 대부분의 리눅스 배포판에 기본으로 설치되어 있고, 어떤 환경에서도 실행 할 수 있기 때문에 지금도 사용하고 있다.

netstat는 network statistics의 줄임말이다. 용어그대로 네트워크의 상태를 모니터링하기 위한 도구로 사용한다. 송/수신 연결 정보, 라우팅 테이블, 송/수신 포트, 패킷통계 모니터링이 일반적인 용도다. netstat의 기본 사용법과 유용한 사례를 살펴보려한다.

1. 모든 listening 포트 목록

모든 TCP, UDP listening 포트 목록을 출력한다.
netstat -a
הההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההה
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

# netstat -a
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:nfs 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:43973 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:sunrpc 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:40723 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 yundream:domain 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 localhost:domain 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:ssh 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 localhost:ipp 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 localhost:postgresql 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:42399 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:55519 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:53116 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:53627 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:mdns 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 localhost:58071 localhost:58071 ESTABLISHED
udp 0 0 localhost:domain 0.0.0.0:*
Active UNIX domain sockets (servers and established)
Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 54333 @/tmp/.ICE-unix/1693
unix 2 [ ACC ] SEQPACKET LISTENING 3257 /run/udev/control
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 43770 /run/user/1000/systemd/notify
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 43773 /run/user/1000/systemd/private
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 43778 /run/user/1000/bus
unix 3 [ ] DGRAM 3213 /run/systemd/notify
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 43779 /run/user/1000/gnupg/S.dirmngr
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 43780 /run/user/1000/gnupg/S.gpg-agent.browser
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 43781 /run/user/1000/gnupg/S.gpg-agent.extra
 
הההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההה
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
출력 내용이 너무 길어서 일부 편집했다. TCP, UDP는 물론이고 Unix Domain Socket 까지 출력한다. 전체 상황을 보기에는 좋은데 더무 많은 정보를 출력하기 때문에 보통은 다른 조건을 덧붙여서 사용한다.

2. TCP 포트 연결만 출력

-a 옵션은 정보를 너무 많이 출력한다. -t 옵션을 이용해서 TCP 연결만 출력 할 수 있다.
# netstat -at
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:nfs 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:43973 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:sunrpc 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:40723 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 yundream:domain 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 localhost:domain 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:ssh 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 localhost:ipp 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 localhost:postgresql 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:42399 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:55519 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:nfs [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:59533 [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:sunrpc [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:http [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:1716 [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:ssh [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 ip6-localhost:ipp [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:42551 [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:https [::]:* LISTEN
הההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההה
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

3. UDP 포트 연결만 출력

-a 옵션 다음에 -u 옵션을 함께 사용하면 된다.
# netstat -au
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:53116 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:53627 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:mdns 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 localhost:58071 localhost:58071 ESTABLISHED
udp 0 0 yundream:domain 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 localhost:domain 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:bootps 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 yundream:bootpc _gateway:bootps ESTABLISHED
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:sunrpc 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:33121 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:631 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:nfs 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:35347 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:36175 0.0.0.0:*
udp6 0 0 [::]:37030 [::]:*
udp6 0 0 [::]:37765 [::]:*
udp6 0 0 [::]:mdns [::]:*
udp6 0 0 [::]:39771 [::]:*
udp6 0 0 [::]:40839 [::]:*
הההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההה
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

4. 모든 actively 리슨 포트 출력

# netstat -l
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:nfs 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:43973 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:sunrpc 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:40723 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 yundream:domain 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 localhost:domain 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:ssh 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 localhost:ipp 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 localhost:postgresql 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:42399 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:55519 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:nfs [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:59533 [::]:* LISTEN
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:53116 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:53627 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:mdns 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 yundream:domain 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 localhost:domain 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:bootps 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:sunrpc 0.0.0.0:*
Active UNIX domain sockets (only servers)
Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 54333 @/tmp/.ICE-unix/1693
unix 2 [ ACC ] SEQPACKET LISTENING 3257 /run/udev/control
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 43773 /run/user/1000/systemd/private
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 43778 /run/user/1000/bus
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 43779 /run/user/1000/gnupg/S.dirmngr
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 43780 /run/user/1000/gnupg/S.gpg-agent.browser
 
הההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההה
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
내용이 너무 길어서 일부 편집했다. -t, -u 옵션을 이용해서 원하는 프로토콜만 출력 할 수 있다.

5. TCP 리슨 포트만 출력

# netstat -lt
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:nfs 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:43973 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:sunrpc 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:40723 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 yundream:domain 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 localhost:domain 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:ssh 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 localhost:ipp 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 localhost:postgresql 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:42399 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:55519 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:nfs [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:59533 [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:sunrpc [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:http [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:1716 [::]:* LISTEN
tcp6 0 0 [::]:ssh [::]:* LISTEN
הההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההה
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

6. UDP 리슨 포트만 출력

# netstat -lu
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:53116 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:53627 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:mdns 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 yundream:domain 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 localhost:domain 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:bootps 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:sunrpc 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:33121 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:631 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:nfs 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:35347 0.0.0.0:*
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:36175 0.0.0.0:*
udp6 0 0 [::]:37030 [::]:*
הההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההה
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

7. 포트를 사용하는 프로세스 확인

-p 옵션을 이용해서 포트를 사용 중인 프로세스를 출력 할 수 있다. -a 옵션과 함께 사용하는데, 너무 내용이 많기 때문에 보통은 grep과 함께 사용한다. 예를 들어 http를 사용하는 프로세스를 확인하고 싶다면 아래와 같이 하면 된다.
netstat -ap | grep http
(Not all processes could be identified, non-owned process info
will not be shown, you would have to be root to see it all.)
tcp 0 0 yundream:58608 ec2-52-41-191-53.:https ESTABLISHED 2110/firefox
tcp 0 0 yundream:42698 e7.cc.36a9.ip4.st:https ESTABLISHED 2110/firefox
tcp 0 0 yundream:37720 nrt13s49-in-f14.1:https ESTABLISHED 2110/firefox
tcp 0 0 yundream:38252 xx-fbcdn-shv-01-g:https ESTABLISHED 2110/firefox
tcp 0 0 yundream:52118 edge-star-shv-01-:https ESTABLISHED 2110/firefox
tcp 0 0 yundream:37214 nrt12s14-in-f238.:https ESTABLISHED 2110/firefox
הההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההה
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

8. 프로토콜별 사용통계

-s 옵션으로 네트워크 통계를 모니터링 할 수 있다.
netstat -s
Ip:
Forwarding: 1
372357 total packets received
1236 forwarded
0 incoming packets discarded
370420 incoming packets delivered
219178 requests sent out
20 outgoing packets dropped
10 dropped because of missing route
3 fragments received ok
6 fragments created
Icmp:
65 ICMP messages received
0 input ICMP message failed
ICMP input histogram:
destination unreachable: 65
68 ICMP messages sent
0 ICMP messages failed
ICMP output histogram:
destination unreachable: 68
IcmpMsg:
InType3: 65
OutType3: 68
Tcp:
1040 active connection openings
4 passive connection openings
1 failed connection attempts
9 connection resets received
5 connections established
360890 segments received
 
הההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההה
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

9. TCP 통계

# netstat -st
IcmpMsg:
InType3: 65
OutType3: 68
Tcp:
1042 active connection openings
4 passive connection openings
1 failed connection attempts
9 connection resets received
7 connections established
360979 segments received
208105 segments sent out
838 segments retransmitted
59 bad segments received
659 resets sent
UdpLite:
TcpExt:
430 TCP sockets finished time wait in fast timer
814 delayed acks sent
Quick ack mode was activated 966 times
323469 packet headers predicted
5903 acknowledgments not containing data payload received
3951 predicted acknowledgments
TCPSackRecovery: 137
Detected reordering 8 times using SACK
TCPDSACKUndo: 23
הההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההה
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

10. UDP 통계

# netstat -su
IcmpMsg:
InType3: 65
OutType3: 68
Udp:
9351 packets received
68 packets to unknown port received
0 packet receive errors
9448 packets sent
0 receive buffer errors
0 send buffer errors
IgnoredMulti: 49
UdpLite:
IpExt:
InNoRoutes: 1
InMcastPkts: 175
OutMcastPkts: 157
InBcastPkts: 52
OutBcastPkts: 6
InOctets: 502313918
OutOctets: 17665159
InMcastOctets: 17824
OutMcastOctets: 14753
InBcastOctets: 33694
OutBcastOctets: 5778
InNoECTPkts: 372525
הההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההה
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

11. Raw 네트워크 통계

어떠한 필터링을 거치지 않는 raw 통계를 그대로 출력한다.
netstat --statistics --raw
Ip:
Forwarding: 1
372606 total packets received
1236 forwarded
0 incoming packets discarded
370660 incoming packets delivered
219443 requests sent out
20 outgoing packets dropped
10 dropped because of missing route
3 fragments received ok
6 fragments created
Icmp:
65 ICMP messages received
0 input ICMP message failed
ICMP input histogram:
destination unreachable: 65
68 ICMP messages sent
0 ICMP messages failed
ICMP output histogram:
destination unreachable: 68
IcmpMsg:
InType3: 65
OutType3: 68
UdpLite:
IpExt:
InNoRoutes: 1
InMcastPkts: 175
OutMcastPkts: 157
InBcastPkts: 54
OutBcastPkts: 6
 
הההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההה
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

12. 서비스 PID 출력

네트워크를 이용중인 프로세스의 PID를 출력한다.
# netstat -tp
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name
tcp 0 0 yundream:51280 nrt12s22-in-f14.1:https TIME_WAIT -
tcp 0 0 yundream:56772 nrt20s08-in-f14.1:https TIME_WAIT -
tcp 0 0 yundream:58608 ec2-52-41-191-53.:https ESTABLISHED 2110/firefox
tcp 0 0 yundream:42698 e7.cc.36a9.ip4.st:https ESTABLISHED 2110/firefox
tcp 0 0 yundream:38252 xx-fbcdn-shv-01-g:https ESTABLISHED 2110/firefox
הההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההה
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

13. 네트워크 인터페이스 I/O

-i 옵션을 이용해서 인터페이스별 send/receive 통계를 모니터링 할 수 있다.
netstat -i
Kernel Interface table
Iface MTU RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg
br-057f2 1500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BMU
br-48417 1500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BMU
br-ed9b1 1500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BMU
docker0 1500 846 0 0 0 916 0 0 0 BMRU
eno1 1500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BMU
lo 65536 7548 0 0 0 7548 0 0 0 LRU
veth6bdc 1500 617 0 0 0 763 0 0 0 BMRU
veth6ef4 1500 229 0 0 0 230 0 0 0 BMRU
virbr0 1500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BMU
wlx00266 1500 364289 0 0 0 198378 0 0 0 BMRU
הההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההה
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

14. 테스트

nc(netcat)을 이용해서 TCP 4444 포트에 바인드 한다.
# nc -l 4444
הההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההה
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

netstat로 프로세스를 확인해보자.
# netstat -ltp
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:nfs 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN -
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:43973 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN -
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:sunrpc 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN -
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:40723 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN -
tcp 0 0 yundream:domain 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN -
tcp 0 0 localhost:domain 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN -
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:ssh 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN -
tcp 0 0 localhost:ipp 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN -
tcp 0 0 localhost:postgresql 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN -
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:4444 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 20315/nc
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:42399 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN -
הההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההה
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20315 PID를 가지는 nc 프로세스가 4444에 바인드하고 있는 걸 확인 할 수 있다.

UDP 4444 포트에 바인드 한 후, 프로세스를 확인해 보자.
# nc -ul 4444
הההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההה
XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

# netstat -lup | grep 4444
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:4444 0.0.0.0:* 20610/nc
הההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההההה
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15. 참고